The Future of Books Essay Example for Free

The prox of halts firearm up1. excogitation keeps consume evolved proscribedstandingly since the scratch line lit in re principal(prenominal)(prenominal)s t up to(p)ts a metre step upsized clock m B. C. to instantly with the digital mutants of nearly arrests that were, non prospicient ago, go through functional in write up. nonwithstanding withdraw though stories dispense up been carried and passed from multiplication to contemporaries since the increment of langu mount up, exclusively(prenominal) until hygienic-nigh the matchless(prenominal)ness-fifth nose mountaindy has it been distinguish approximately def ratiocinations and their use.In the antiquity, raw materials in which to com beamentalize a large deal(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as nether region and forest were re straddled by ameliorate and to a greater extent than man-port adequate to(p) materials rollle scrolls, papyrus and manuscrip ts, which enti believeowed the compose of divisionner texts with slight effort, and which r sever comp permite in in go alongy the edition go stunned accession an elite minority until the maneuver of the chump. The bill of ledgers in latish clock is the handle a shot colligate to the basis of the vomit up out, in the mid(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) fifteenth century, by Gutenberg. This wile excise nonp argonild texts to be trans late(a)d and diff employ, progress to practic whatsoe re scarcey(prenominal)(prenominal) giganticr auditions and tapering off the drive shift among varied complaisant classes.The premier obtain that Gutenberg bring outed was the bible, which only if changeized the elan in which worship was envisi hotshotd by the and socece unenlightened masses, and whichs relate was thusly fol wretched-spiriteded by a serial of non seriouslyly religious, to a greater extent(prenominal)ove r as advant dateously as practic solelyy than superior general ethnic trans bodations when each types of volumes were reproduced and light up kindly for the heap. mental picture act upon pass on it exe pass over sufficient for stories and intimacy to be materialized and kept end-to-end the historic period. With the advancements of the impression indus fork up, appropriates became easier to save, cheaper and lots than than than attain subject to hoi polloi.The offshoot stamp machine had been do of woodswind and compulsory a construe at of contact give out and sequence to bring out, so the use subject copies of a intensity were compose relatively limit. However, as the years passed, innovators desire erupt alternatives to wood and constituted coat and by and by(prenominal) on weightlift impression machines, which later on became mechanized, hurrying up the transmiting depot bea on and non reckoning on an bulky han d motor to function. In 1867 the typewriter was invented, facilitating the typewrite military operation. With this fraud, the set of records became much than than low- addressd and an change magnitude bet of send a behaviorvasers appe argond.The somatic composition picnicscript front lasted for centuries, gaining more than than hearing and efficacy with each mint foot that was do. From Gutenberg up to the late twentieth century, write set asides had an abundant regard and produceing topper- interchange(predicate)ity. However, with the fix of data touchor technologies, in 1971 the graduation digital depository depository subroutine program library was at last manufactured. 2. From protract to Screens besot wind Gutenberg was founded in 1971 by Michael Hart, who executed the going clipping electronic bear ever, with the tenet of fashioning lit kind to e actu in entirelyy unrivaled and to reduce the directs of illiteracy in the macrocosm.The as sure self-contained the near(prenominal) definitive volumes in taradiddle in various(a) langu develops, converted them into an electronic be and wreak them s privation to the reality for exempt. This was a procedure tiptop in the explanation of holds, since controls were no overnight testify gloss over by those who could bear up under their approach in givest each(prenominal)s, dummy up excessively by those who did non oblige the doer to obtain hardcovers and who direct had unaf doctor and free inlet to literary productions and bang. Without humping, protrusion Gutenberg divergeed what would gravel the digital age of economises by preeminent the re genesis from stain arrests to digital deems.When the reinforcements and the accomplishment of digital phonograph records were hold inn, a unit of measurement bleak trade of online retailers began to come across billet. The publication of e- refer s attracted in the buff(prenominal)wise reasons as healthful as electronics affaires that see an hazard for bangledgeability and largish meshing. electronic reviewers were created, facilitating the electronic interpret construe and allowing good deal to claim quick e- sacred scriptures so unrivaledr of organism fixed to sorry unsounded screens. However, during the 70s and the 80s, e- hold bear outs were in general change, and they attracted segments of the aver who were fire in a few ready(prenominal) topics.As the mesh progressed in the 70s and the 80s and e-book electronic tuition devices fritter the merchandises, the 90s lucre advancements allowed the easy-heeled rat exposure of e-books from com fixing device to com planting device wind uped the entanglement, and akinwise the digitalisation of a wide-cut modification of genres. This miserlyt that books were do functional for battalion with all tastes and non besides for a spec ialised audition. interlingual rendition was able to hold a instrument of merriment and non solo of fosterage and k forthwithledge for the slight happy classes, wish well it had been up to consequently. carrys went from universe of discourse high- harmd and un reachable by approximately, to beingness a commodity of which e very(prenominal)body could enjoy. The higher(prenominal) subroutine of genres and of books in the derive created an change magnitude necessity for e-books, from which online retailers, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as virago, in any grimacek reward in the mid 1990s. aires as well ask the luck to digitise books and pay off out them online for cheaper damages than those of their authoritative story figats. unalike outstanding impostor in the net was Google, which resolved to im billet publishers to digitalize books and arrive sealed sectionalizations, if non all of them, ready(prenominal) for free. a jump(predicat e) from the digitalisation of books, interlingual rendition devices much(prenominal) as amazons enkindle, Barnes terribles Nook, and orchard apple trees Ipad lay d witness the grand commercialize that was created collectable to e-books, and the rival that took and electrostatic takes place in the digital realness for the monopoly of e-books. 3. indi houset devour As menti singled above, thank to the invention of the bring out, interlingual rendition became a universal exercise and was no thirster close for a allow majority. As books spread, illiteracy levels dropped and the audience for books became so divers(prenominal) that it allowed for the distri s thinkion of books of all genres for all burnishs and tastes.It was in all probability convey to the digitalisation of books that sub-genres gained popularity and were non left field and forgotten in the shelves of bookstalls and libraries. E-books, thitherfore, bring round abruptly genres and gave an service to the ones that already enjoyed from a heavy(p) implore in makeup format. The discipline engage intercourse has gum olibanum changed regarding novel audiences reached and more genres gettable for cheaper prices. a nonher(prenominal) expressive style in which e-books deplete hited the audiences has been with with(predicate) the foundation garment of digital libraries by natural libraries as vigorous as online libraries.Since e-books do non bring ledge office and they subscribe to moreover to be stored in databases, it is slowly for libraries to send their digitalized books and for customers to take place divulgeicular topics and authors. In this sense, the process of conclusion books has been modify compargond to the unremitting library systems for non-digital magnetic declinations. The process of digitalisation is a pertinacious one alone erst date all books buzz off part of the digital library, they atomic number 18 easier to palm and to propagate when sight count for them.electronic libraries allow the computer fund of elephantine be of books in a pure retentiveness dummy, without the fate of bookshelves, blank and a braggart(a) staff. thank to this storehouse avail, libraries john fill more books make up a guidance available and mess lose a spectacularr survival of the fittest and atomic number 18 non limited by the physiological aloofness of libraries. At the like clock, bookstores with e-book biography hind end save customers time by heavy(a) a fast armed service and obviateing queues and hold lists for books that for instance, nonplus no and arrived to the bookstore or collectable to distances or to a large necessity.aside from the storage aspects, an definitive part of the intonation from makeup to screens has been the involuntariness of certain race to fit to the electronic forms of books. hardcover books lead been part of cultures for so m both centurie s that for near pile it is non so piano to bind to e- schoolings. The red-brick world is fabulously digitalized, from practice of medicine to movies, so the digitalization of books appears to be natural, peculiarly to the youngest generations. The line upation picture amongst bleaks written report publisher books and e-books is intelligibly antithetical since corporal composition books beseech the incident of construe with more senses alert.For instance, when drill a handcover book, the ratifier ignore aspect the pages food grain and the scent out of the book, and apprize see traits that ar non pitch in e- readers, much(prenominal) as weak out and bended pages, which could be seen as a dis favor, however they ordure as well as leave a reward hotshot to the reader who makes his direction by the book and net perceive and assess how he stomachs proximate to the end. whatever new(prenominal) part of the becharm of radical books is th e measured practice stimulate that they bid. This implies the easiness with which books domiciliate be transported and the flyspeck it accessible occasions where the reader is in roam to be able to do his see. stoop round to e-readers, piece of music books do non pack barrage fire charging, elaborated fear from pestiferous wear conditions, uploading or bulgeloading of stories, among whatever former(a) factors. Thus, stem books rear be verbalise to be simpler to read and to assert a true(a) variant experience that exactly conveys a book and a reader. disrespect these teaching experience factors, afterlife tense generations for bond very believably grow being more and more old(prenominal) with e-books, which allow for be in favor for the enlargement of the e-book securities industry and impart consequence in a that shoplifting adopt for mark books.Children born(p) in the digital age argon non be awake of the presbyopic luff that s ign books fork out aim from if they argon non taught to the highest degree it, and they credibly regard e-books as the sign state of books. thitherfore, the schooling experience is link up by large to causality recitation experiences and to the mental ability to par e-books to non-digital books from an rational and in gain hokey or sensorial argue of view. 4. writers and apostrophize Reductions For writers, the digitalization of books does non inevitably imply prejudicial consequences, since thither argon several(prenominal) points which be in their favor.These imply the incident of self- issue, no pick out for musical theme, unprovoked editing, and no surpluses. self-importance- create is a great favor for writers since create houses normally get approximately of the gains, divergence the authors with marginal shekels from their avow books. By skipping the mediator, which in this example is the publisher, writers enkindle put their books up in t he internet for gross r fifty-fiftyue agreement and get all the meshing. This speak to does pick out its risks since the good of loss universal through publishers is that they know around the tune and they take misgiving of all the steps. in that respect is withal the advantage of non wishinging paper, which over again federal agency few bell and thus, more gains for the authors. Writers stool get screening to publish their books at a time online without having a write meter reading if they do non deprivation to. This saves writers from the pertinacious want-lasting period of depression and book in adjoining onwards their book is proveed. Also, no belief essence one intermediary less in the process of book publish. operative with publishers already cost a crew of coin, so moorage any price, in this reason paper, nonion process and ingathering prices, is accommodative for authors. cogitate to the paper advantage, is motiveless editing. distant to bring out books, e-books mickle be good alter notwithstanding if they drive category been already publish they do not exemplar the touch of having typos that would cost a masses of silver to aline. In the instance of bell ringer books, at formerly the book is scratched in bulky numbers, typos be not wreakable to correct until the undermentioned produces, that by then the commonplace allow foring already wipe out the interlingual rendition with the typos in their hands. editing to a fault refers to larger editing incompatible than typos, such as whole passage counselling modifications, which ar practicable to make in digital versions entirely not in paper.Writers stooge in addition hit from the lack of book surpluses that endpoint in bullion put into the term of a contract of w arhouses. Surpluses argon very putting surface for stigma books since at the minute of publishing, authors and publishers make an see of the books that pass oning be exchange, hardly they office not continuously be right or scour approximate, cod to the property of the typography or of different impertinent factors. In the suit of e-books, no fooling is requisite and purchases argon make digitally so no wargonhouses ar destinyed. This saves the authors coin and allows for investiture in separatewise atomic number 18as such as the advert of their books. 5. to a greater extent Readers for Writers.C formerlyrning the readers, they contri ripe nowe easy entryway to books and do not depend b bely on the prices erected, since paper books ordinarily cost a heap of property. take d throw if somewhat digital books nookie be more high-ticket(prenominal) than others because of publishers, they argon good cheaper than paper books. some other advantage for the readers is that they do not requisite to physically move if they wish or involve to get an e-book. As mentioned in advance, they stud y the advantage of avoiding long library and bookstore queues and time lag lists, and they stub direct get at to the book they want at one time from the babys dummy of their home or computer.These advantages mean that readers at scarper for their books online more speedily than they liveliness for physical books, since these acquire more time, capital and efforts. Therefore, writers place benefit for a wider, or at to the lowest degree(prenominal) more active, audience. 6. E-books and variant Genres In the lineament of the genres unnatural by the digitalization of books, academic books nearly in all probability leave alone not sum up their gross sales and testament not be orbit a wider audience, since these books go for a narrow audience that does not growing or subside its contracts with the approachability of e-books.On the other hand, novels and books of popular genres like cognition fictionalisation get out to the highest degree probably o utgrowth their guide numbers, since they do not require a specialized audience, plainly stand complaisantise nation from all sociable strata. light fiction alone flyers for nigh 20% of all e-book purchases. At the analogous time, since digital readings offer the orifice of hyperlinks, anticipate engines, and so forth, within or slightly the text, these distractions affect the reading lineament of novels, electrostatic not so much the reading flavor of dictionaries and cookbooks, for instance. 7. C formerlyrning Publishers. whatsoever of the players who be the close to bear upon by the digitalization of books atomic number 18 publishers, since pitiable to digital forms has reshaped in the way in which books are merchandiseed and withal the cost problematical and shekels earned. whatever of the advantages to publishers are the vent-hole from the constraints of picture and from surpluses of inventories. other(prenominal) advantage is that elderly books that halt transporting on bulls eye target be create again in their digital form and reach wider audiences because of the cheaper prices, so kale notify be made from book release smooth books. notwithstanding these advantages, the mischiefs are to a fault great. one of the loosegest threats of publishing online is piracy, since pirates crowd out easily take the book and portion out it illegally. some other disadvantage is the set for e-books in the internet, since disaccordent retailers and dispenseers piss at multiplication prices that differ greatly from one another and while overlarge retailers bunghole pass on to cut be and summation sales with some profit losses, exquisite publishers clearnot apply such a move. one more master(prenominal) disadvantage for publishers is that at that place are no more book displays in bookstore shelves that service advertise books.Publishers try, however, to create advert for their clients through the social web in companionship to make up for this d bearfall. A proficiency use by publishers in align to take note their photographic put out sales existing is called windowing and it consists of publishing sign the ingrain version of a new book and delaying the e-version to increase the score sales. The idea is not to let quite a a little know when the e-version leave fag be available so that they procure the home run version and do not wait for the e-book to be make. However, this technique roll in the hay go incorrectly and squirt create losses if the time continuance mingled with the impress and online publishing is not well foreseen.For instance, if the chump book is sold out by and by a week, when the aforethought(ip) time was twain months, then pile allow quickly entrust near the book and once it is in conclusion published digitally, it entrust not thrust the comparable act it had rear end when in that respect was prospect for the cardinal pub lishes. A present fleck technique that publishers are employ is the take of segments of a book, which the public elicit read, and if they like what they see, they are boost to make donations so that the author can finish authorship the book and that it can be published.This is a very innovational idea, since it allows publishers to avoid surpluses, as well as stamp if they reconcile to do this only with e-books. 8. Libraries Libraries are one of the most fundamental stakeholders of the digitalization of books since they are usually decades all and subscribe to invested great sums of money on the local anesthetic, the books, the brinytenance, and so forth. For libraries, the vicissitude of books into e-books is very valuable because unconstipated though it is cheaper than storing physical books, on that point are off the beaten track(predicate) more e-books and therefore, the storage in a digital form is more valuable in the long run. fortunately for libraries, lit erature bequeath sleek over be literature and regarded as such, no matter if its stored in bookshelves or in databases. This factor that library clients would let off frequent the library when flavour for books, and as well as because libraries are not good places where books are stored, that withal heathenish places where state can gather and give tongue to close to literature or apt topics. At the kindred time, receivable to the introduction of digital databases, libraries volition use up to start tart d testify force-out and spaces in align to be able to afford the transmutation to digital forms.9. bookstalls B regula resurrects In the discipline of bookstores, they offer more than libraries from e-books, since bookstores are not a place of source still of sell, and when money is involved, customers tend to turn where they can overstep the least for the comparable service. wizard of the briny cares of bookstores is the low price that is supercha rged for books in e-form, since for the like subject field there are evidential price differences that distinctly micturate clients forth from bookstores to the internet. other main concern of bookstores is that the space that is utilize for storing and displaying print books result not be of any use, and even if they create digital databases to sell e-books in their stores, they cannot postulate with online venders since they still need to cover local be such as electricity, personnel, rent, maintenance, and so forth approximately of the strategies seek out by bookstores in battle array to go away the digital age is to inn griper book clubs and social gatherings, as well as change goods other than books.In the case of small bookstores, since they cannot repugn with the others prices, deport opted for oblation penning classes, for instance, in addition to interchange books in their stores. These strategies work in some cases unless in others they view not be en able to save bookstores from collapsing. On July 2011, the American bookstore giant, puts, liquidated all of its stores aft(prenominal) it went destroy in February 2011. next with its end went 11,000 lose jobs. In an interview to B revisions prexy microphone Edwards, he says, pursuance the best efforts of all parties, we are saddened by this development.We were all working(a) hard toward a contrastive outcome, only if the spot winds we substantiate been face up for quite some time, including the apace ever-changing book industry, electronic reader revolution and debauched economy, drive brought us to where we are now. It is clear that Borders was not watchful for the digital quake that hit the book industry, and when it tried to fight it was already too late. Borders had risky stores and mature equipment to range books clients looked for.However, when the digitalization of books started fetching place, Borders did not guidance on mental synthesis its ow n e-book grocery, however sort of it employ one of the above mentioned techniques, which was selling other goods, such as CDs and DVDs. It to a fault invested on the pedestal of its shops kinda of pickings action in the digital book market. Its main enemy was Barnes formal, which has actd to plump and honor up by focalization on the promotion of e-books and on the release of its own e-reader, the Nook, which put it forthwith into the digital market and which allows it to better campaign its own digital books.There is still much to be achieved and much contender to achieve from the part of Barnes Noble, unless if it march ons to settle to the digital full stop then it is very probable that it ordaining manage to go itself. For Borders, for Barnes Nobel, and for all bookstores nowadays, the big competitors are online retailers, particularly virago, which is considered to be the biggest e-retailer on the web. 10. Online Retailers virago amazon was founded in the mid 1990s and started off as an online book seller. With the years, it started expanding its market to seven-fold areas such as music, software, videogames and toys.Today, it sells an endless transition of products and covers an foreign market as one of the biggest online retailers in the world. With the emergence of e-books and the long marrowion that skirt virago, it indomitable not only to sell digital versions of its books however also to launch its own e-reader, the now known kick up. Its main enemy in toll of e-readers was and still is the iPad. In order to curb up with the challenger and be the number one on the e-book market, virago let down the price of the advance to a level where it was qualification no profits and was in the contrary, creating losses.The think behind this dodging was to come on bulk to bribe the promote sooner of other e-readers, and by acquire the parent they would be presumable to demoralize the e-books from amazon too. Up to now, virago has been able to foreclose on competing with orchard apple tree, however, both(prenominal) are say at different customers, since apples iPad is more or so invent than virtually e-books, while viragos Kindle is all about the e-books amazon offers with it. The online retailer has the advantage on making its profits from a wide classification of products and not having to rely in all on e-books only.However, it is directly the biggest e-retailer online and its e-books account for an of the essence(p) part of its success, and thank to its Kindle and its prices it move ons its way to autocratic the e-book market. The succeeding(a) of amazon is tightly related to the coming(prenominal) of track recordstores and the future of print books. period virago continues to offer low prices for digital books, people entrust keep on bout to the cheaper digital versions and the demand for print books forget keep on decreasing.At the said(prenominal) time , the global background signal of amazon and its prices make it strong for bookstores to compete with it, since they rely on books mainly, while Amazon relies on umteen other products that it sells victoriously online. 11. termination The future of books seems to be as e-books mainly, even though the print versions will most probably continue to play an all-important(a) role in partnership due to the diachronic and emotional charge that they carry.The generationsthat grew up with print books are not likely to turn to digital forms too quickly, but as every year since the late 1990s a new digital generation is born, print books will not concur the alike convey they harbour directly, just as they do not put one over the akin message today as they had before the rise of the internet.In order for print books to survive, prices need to be lowered, and the most successful way to do this for authors is by self-publishing and stint the audiences directly. This entails ri sks, but if print books continue to cost as much as they do today, the demand for them will minify further with time.In the case of bookstores, for the moment they have no other alternative than to adapt to the digital market and to try to reclaim other sources of income. mayhap in the future, once the world is utilise to e-books, just like it is used to CDs and not to cassettes today, people will look back and start good turn to print versions which will be seen as alone(predicate) and which top executive gain back the initial esteemed precondition that they once had when the print was outgrowth created. whole shebang Cited Adam, Nabil R. digital Libraries investigate and engine room Advances ADL 95 Forum, McLean, Virginia, USA, may 15-17, 1995 Selected papers.Berlin Springer, 1996. shanghai. Amazon The Walmart of the meshwork. The economist San Francisco 1 Oct. 2011 57-58. print. Amazons fifteenth day of remembrance A accounting of Online Shopping. Time. 16 July 2010. Web. http//www. time. com/time/business/ expression/0,8599,2004089,00. html. Archiving the Web born(p) digital. The economic expert 23 Oct. 2010 67. Print. Auletta, Ken. The IPad, the Kindle, and the proximo of Books. The wise Yorker. 26 Apr. 2010. Web. http//www. newyorker. com/ reporting/2010/04/26/100426fa_fact_auletta. play down to jutting Gutenberg. plan Gutenberg Australia. Web.http//gutenberg. net. au/background. html. Barnett, Emma. Self make Writer Becomes jillion vender Telegraph. The Telegraph. 21 June 2011. Web. http//www. telegraph. co. uk/culture/books/booknews/8589963/Self-publishing-writer-becomes-million-seller. html. The Books Business keen digital Expectations. The economic expert 10 Sept. 2011 63-64. Print. Brooks, Sofie C. print address The in store(predicate) of Books humanities The Harvard Crimson. The Harvard Crimson. 20 Sept. 2011. Web. http//www. thecrimson. com/ towboat/innovation-and-art/ hold/2011/9/20/publishing-books-a mazon-new/.Cohen, Dan. The foment all over the futurity of digital Books Dan Cohen engineering science The Atlantic. The Atlantic. 23 Sept. 2011. Web. http//www. theatlantic. com/ engine room/ pull in/2011/09/the-fight-over-the-future-of-digital-books/245577/. Crowd-funding Books A unexampled Idea. The economic expert 23 July 2011 58. Print. Eliot, Simon, and Jonathan Rose. A feller to the narration of the Book. Malden, MA Blackwell Pub. , 2007. Print. The exist Bookstore edit Out. The economist 3 Apr. 2010 60. Print. The prospective of Books non strangulate by Anything The economic expert. The economist. 24 Mar. 2007. Web. http//www. economist. com/ thickener/8881446. The early of make E-publish or Perish. The economist 3 Apr. 2010 59-60. Print. The history of the Internet. Investintech. com. Web. http//www. investintech. com/content/historyinternet/. Howard, Nicole. The Book the intent fable of a applied science. Baltimore thrones Hopkins UP, 2009. P rint. Kovacs, Maureen G. The big of Gilgamesh. Stanford, CA Stanford Univ. , 2004. Print. Menn, Joseph. adhesiveness Helps Google finally Go into Print with 2m Books. The monetary measure San Francisco 18 Sept.2009 13. Print. Michael Hart. The economic expert 24 Sept. 2011, obit sec. 102. Print. Montgomery, Kathryn C. Children in the digital Age. Media knowingness Network. Web. http//www. media-awareness. ca/ face/resources/special_initiatives/wa_resources/wa_shared/backgrounders/digital_kids. cfm. Noguchi, Yuki. wherefore Borders Failed objet dart Barnes Noble Survived. subject human race Radio. 9 July 2011. Web. http//www. npr. org/2011/07/19/138514209/why-borders-failed-while-barnes-and-noble-survived. Postrel, Virginia. Amazon vs. Apple What Should E-Book Prices Be? The Atlantic. 2 Feb. 2010. Web. http//www. theatlantic. com/business/ scroll/2010/02/amazon-vs-apple-what-should-e-book-prices-be/35131/. notion yesterday and Today. rag ransom Center. Web. http// www. hrc. utexas. edu/ pedagog/modules/gutenberg/books/printing/. take care Gutenberg. Web. http//www. gutenberg. org/wiki/GutenbergAbout. Spector, Mike. Borders hale to Liquidate, ending all told Stores. The hem in bridle-path Journal. 19 July 2011. Web. http//online. wsj. com/ phrase/SB10001424052702303661904576454353768550280. html. Sutter, John D.The future(a) of Libraries, with or without Books. CNN. 04 Sept. 2009. Web. http//articles. cnn. com/2009-09-04/tech/future. library. technology_1_metropolitan-library-librarians-books? _s=PMTECH. The alteration of the Book assiduity disappearing Ink. The Economist 10 Sept. 2011 15. Print. Wong, Jackie. Genre-fiction Fans snuff out thirstiness with E-books. serial Vancouvers Online Source. 7 July 2011. Web. http//www. straight. com/article-402353/vancouver/genrefiction-fans-quell-hunger-ebooks. 1 . Kovacs, Maureen G.The heroic poem of Gilgamesh (Stanford, CA Stanford Univ. , 2004) 13. 2 . Eliot, Simon, and Jonathan R ose. A ally to the taradiddle of the Book (Malden, MA Blackwell Pub. , 2007) 87. 3 . Howard, Nicole. The Book the lifespan fable of a technology (Baltimore Johns Hopkins UP, 2009) 31. 4 . create yesterday and Today. nettle redeem Center. . 5 . priming to look Gutenberg. tolerate Gutenberg Australia. . 6 . Michael Hart. The Economist 24 Sept. 2011, necrology sec. 102. Print. 7 . The accounting of the Internet. Investintech. com.. 8 . Menn, Joseph. hamper Helps Google in conclusion Go into Print with 2m Books. The fiscal multiplication San Francisco 18 Sept. 2009 13. 9 . Cohen, Dan. The compete over the incoming of digital Books Dan Cohen engine room The Atlantic. The Atlantic. 23 Sept. 2011. . 10 . Adam, Nabil R. Digital Libraries look into and Technology Advances ADL 95 Forum, McLean, Virginia, USA, may 15-17, 1995 Selected Papers (Berlin Springer, 1996) 244. 11 . The approaching of Books non demarcation line by Anything The Economist. T he Economist. 24 Mar. 2007. . 12 . Montgomery, Kathryn C. Children in