Acid Rain Essay Example for Free

Acid rain EssayAcid Rain is rain, snow or fog that is begrime by sour in the atmosphere and damages the environment. When fossil fuels ar burned they release broadly speaking CO2, but they alike release two harmful gun for hirees, due south dioxide and various nitrogen oxides. The sulphur dioxide, SO2, comes from the sulphur impurities in the fossil fuels. However, the nitrogen oxides atomic number 18 created from a answer amongst the nitrogen and the oxygen in the air, caused by the heat of the burning. When these gasolinees mix with clouds they form dilute sulphuric venereal disease and dilute nitric pane. This hence falls as savage rain.Cars and power stations are the main causes of Acid Rain. Acid Rain has effects on plants, soil and even buildings. The acid reacts with the limestone and then the limestone begins to erode. From previous knowledge, I know that limestone has the chemic formula CaCO3. Limestone, chalk and marble are all calcium change. When an acid reacts with a metal change (such as calcium carbonate) the fizzing shows that a gas is produced. That gas is carbon dioxide, CO2. Adding hydrochloric acid to a shudder sample is one of the tests for a carbonate rock, like marble, chalk or limestone.It is also why these rocks are greatly affected by acid rain. The word equation is for this reply between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid is Calcium carbonate + hydrochloric acid calcium chloride + carbon dioxide + water The chemical formulae for this reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid is CaCO? + 2HCL CaCL2 + CO2 + H2O The rate of reaction mess be measured by measuring criterion of Carbon dioxide gas that is obtained by the syringe. There were various types of apparatus which I included Goggles Syringe Stop clock Measuring cylinder SpatulaHydrochloric Acid Marble-Powder and Chip turn tube Bung Preliminary investigate. Before actually beginning my investigation, I leave behind firstly ship out a preliminary investigation. This depart help me to see the improvements that I can make subsequently(prenominal) the experiment. I go out be able to see possible downfalls and failures in my method, work out conquer quantities of chemicals to use and generally improve the quality of the final experiment. Below is the slump up apparatus that I will use for the preliminary experiment and the actual experimentThe preliminary experiment is performed so that I can predict the volume of acid, the mass of the turn and powder and the length of date that I will be timing for. 1. Firstly, I set up the apparatus. 2. I will specify a cerement mass of marble using a balance and I will countersink it into the boiling tube. 3. Then, I will measure a quantity of acid and quickly add it to the boiling tube whilst after quickly placing the bung onto the top of the tube. 4. I will record the amount of CO2 gas which is presumption off, e very curtain amount of measure. This will produc e a rate of reaction.For many experiments the rate of reaction can be changed by demasculinizeing curtain variables. For this reaction on that point is no catalyst, in that respectfore we cannot alter this variable. However there are three main variables that could be changed Temperature of the acid this would be varied by starting off with the acid at room temperature (around 24i C) and then using acid with temperatures of 30i C, 40i C and 50i C. absorption of the acid the concentration would be varied three times, using hydrochloric acid with concentrations of 0. 5M, 1M and 2M.Surface area of the calcium carbonate the surface area would be varied by using different sizes of calcium carbonate. I will predict that the 2m acid and the powder will be the fastest reaction as the acid is to a greater extent compact with acid particles in the homogeneous volume of water. This helps more successful strikings contend place between the particles. The more collisions there are the increased rate of reaction. I found out that I should use 1 gram of mass for the chip and powder marble and 30cmi of acid. This is because the reaction is not too fast or slow. I can get an acceptable number of results recorded.I will be using three different concentrations of acid, 0. 5m, 1m and 2m. (m=molar) The time I will be using will be starting at when the syringe starts to move up to 180 seconds. I will be tutelage the amount of acid the same and the mass of the marble so that I conduct a good test. The temperature was kept at 24i C-25i C. Results 0. 5m with chip 0. 5m with powder Mass of chip = 1. 0g Mass of powder = 1. 0g succession (s) intensity level (cmi ) 10 2 20 4 30 5 40 6 50 7 60 8 70 9 80 16 90 17 100 18 110 20 120 21 130 22 one hundred forty 24 150 25 160 26 170 27 180 31 mint of acid = 30cmiVolume of acid = 30cmi Time (s) Volume (cmi ) 10 14 20 17 30 19 40 20 50 22 60 23 70 23 80 25 90 29 100 34 110 35 120 37 130 38 140 38 150 38 160 39 170 40 180 40 1 m wi th chip 1 m with powder Mass of chip = 1. 0g Mass of powder = 1. 0g Volume of acid = 30cmi Volume of acid = 30cmi Time (s) Volume (cmi ) 10 21 20 30 30 36 40 38 50 39 60 31 70 42 80 43 90 43 10 44 110 44 120 44 130 44 140 44 150 44 160 44 170 44 180 44 Time (s) Volume (cmi ) 10 4 20 5 30 6 40 9 50 12 60 15 70 18 80 21 90 24 10 27 110 31 120 34 130 37 140 40 150 44 160 47 170 50 180 52.2 m with chip 2 m with powder Mass of chip = 1. 0g Mass of powder = 1. 0g Volume of acid = 30cmi Volume of acid = 30cmi Time (s) Volume (cmi ) 10 5 20 9 30 13 40 16 50 22 60 26 70 33 80 36 90 46 10 46 110 46 120 51 130 54 140 57 150 57 160 57 170 57 180 57 Time (s) Volume (cmi ) 10 0-60 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 Conclusion. after completing my experiment my results show me that as the concentration of the acid is increased, the reaction wreaks place faster and more gas is produced in a shorter space of time.Due to this I found that the 2M hydrochloric acid (the strongest concentration of acid I used) produced the most gas in the shortest time. The 0. 5M hydrochloric acid (the weakest concentration of acid I used) produced the least amount of gas in the longest time period. I can clearly see from the graph that the 2M hydrochloric acid gave the fastest reaction and produced the most gas in the shortest space of time, because the gradient of the curve is the steepest and goes far high than the other curves showing that a larger amount of gas was produced because the gas produced axis is the y axis.The event that the 2M acid had the steepest curve shows that the reaction was fastest because a large amount of gas was produced (high on the y axis) and in a short space of time (short on the x axis). This will devote a steep gradient on the graph. The 0. 5M hydrochloric acid gave almost the opposite curve when the results were placed on a graph. Not much gas was produced in a long space of time and so the dispose was very gentle and low on the graph.The 2M hydrochloric acid produced the most gas in the shortest amount of time and was generally a quick reaction due to its significant difference in particle emplacement compared to the 0.5M and 1M hydrochloric acid. The more concentrated 2M hydrochloric acid has more acid particles in the same volume compared to the 1M and 0. 5M acid.This means there are more available acid particles to react with the calcium carbonate. The reaction will be quicker when using the 2M acid because there are more particles available to react with. The calcium carbonate particles can react with more acid particles quickly as they are easily accessible, whereas in the 0.5M acid, there are few acid particles in a volume and so some calcium carbonate particles will rich person no acid particles to react with, causing the reaction to be slow and uneventful. All reactions will only occur if there is enough energy to make it happen. This minimum energy is known as activation energy. Act ivation energy is the minimum energy for which two reacting particles must collide for a reaction to take place. When particles collide they slow down, stop, and then fly apart again. This will occur regardless of whether they save enough energy to react.In an unsuccessful collision the particles separate unchanged, but in an effective collision the activation energy barrier is crossed and the particles that separate are chemically different from those that came together. I figure my results are definitely sufficient to support my prospicience. They equal everything I predicted and I am very gratify at how well they turned out. Evaluation I think that the experiment went very well. All my results matched my prediction and everything went according to plan. The gas produced by each acid had a steady increase however there were a few rogue points.Overall I achieved what I set out to do. I would turn over liked more time on the experiment to make sure everything was perfect, thoug h. Due to the short time limit we were quite rushed in completing the experiment. There were a few aspects of the experiment that could tolerate been improved to make the experiment even more accurate. For a start the experiment was undertaken over a few days. Each day had a different temperature and so this would have affected the results. If one day had been hotter than the others the heat would have influenced one reaction to take place faster.Also due to the fact that the experiment lasted a few days, different equipment was being used each day. Some gas syringes were slightly stiffer than others and so wouldnt move out as fast. If on one day you had a very stiff gas syringe that wouldnt move very easily and on another day you had a very prosperous gas syringe, then the results would be very different as the loose gas syringe would give results that say that the reaction happened very fast and the stiff gas syringe would give results that say the reaction was slow.To prevent t his from happening the experiment should have been undertaken and finished on the same day, using exactly the same equipment as you started with for each acid. The initial part of the reaction when the acid first reacts with the calcium carbonate is very fast. A lot of gas is produced at the beginning of the reaction. However the way the apparatus are set up means that when you pour the acid onto the calcium carbonate, there are a few seconds when the gas is able to escape before the gas syringe is committed to the test tube.To avoid this from happening a test tube containing the calcium carbonate should be placed inside a beaker containing the hydrochloric acid. They must not be touching, as the reaction would then start. Then the gas syringe will be connected to the beaker. When the reaction is ready to start, the beaker is knocked so that the test tube falls over, consequently causing the reaction to take place as the acid and carbonate would mix. Then when the initial gas is pro duced it will all be caught as the gas syringe is already in place. The surface area of the calcium carbonate should also have been kept equal.The same number of equally weighted chips should have been used. E. g. all 1g chips. This way the reaction is fair and accurate, as a large surface area will cause the reaction to take place faster. Keeping all the surface areas the same would have kept the experiment fair. However to do this would have taken a long time and we only had a limited amount of time. another(prenominal) way of keeping the temperature the same would have been to do the experiment in a water bath. This would have allowed us to do the experiment over a few days as well.